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To the mid-1990s, reviews of )10(labour )10(market )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.1405 Tw [(prog)9.4(rams )-10(showed )-10(the )-10(results of most prog)9.4(rams were disappointing)9.4( and )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.2103 Tw [(that it was difficult to g)9.7(e)3.6(neralise from them )10(\(Calmfors, )10(1994; )10(Grubb, )]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.061 Tw [(1995\). L)19.7(ittle has chang)8.9(e)2.8(d over the past decade )10(\(W)-7.5(ebster, )10(1997; )10(Dar )10(and )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.4506 Tw [(Tz)-6.6(annatos, )-10(1999; )-10(Martin, )-10(2000\). The literature is dominated by)29.5( )]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0.0008 Tw [(microeconomic )-10.1(studies )-10.1(of )-10.1(particular labour market prog)9(rams. Because the )]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc 0.1918 Tw [(prog)8.2(ram)-4.1(s)-2.6( di)-3.8(ffer from)-4.1( each ot)-3.8(her i)-3.8(n)-1.8( )10(t)-3.8(e)2.1(rm)-4.1(s )10(of )10(l)-3.8(o)-1.8(cat)-3.8(i)-3.8(on, )10(i)-3.8(m)-4.1(pl)-3.8(em)-4.1(ent)-3.8(a)2.1(t)-3.8(i)-3.8(on, )]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.071 Tw [(manag)8.9(e)2.8(ment, the time at which they)28.9( are undertaken, local labour )10(market )]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.2202 Tw [(conditions etc., it is difficult to )10(make )10(comparisons )10(and )10(unequivocally)29.8( )]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0.231 Tw [(conclude particular factors contributed to the success or otherwise of )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(various labour market prog)9.3(rams. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0006 Tc 0.0708 Tw [(F)5.2(u)-0.9(rthermore, judg)9.1(ing)9.1( the success of labour market prog)9.1(rams depends )10(on )]TJ T* 0.0108 Tw [(the )-10(role one believes prog)9.1(rams oug)9.1(ht play)29.1(; as a policy)29.1( weapon that can be )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0806 Tw [(used )-10(to )-10(reduce )-10(unemploy)29.3(m)-3(ent )-10(in )-10(its )-10(own rig)9.3(h)-0.7(t, or to help those who are )]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc 0.212 Tw [(current)-4(l)-4(y)28( unl)-4(i)-4(k)-2(el)-4(y)28( t)-4(o)-2( fi)-4(nd a j)-4(ob becom)-4.3(e)1.9( em)-4.3(pl)-4(oy)28(ed even )10(i)-4(f)1.1( )10(i)-4(t)-4( )10(i)-4(s)-2.8( )10(at)-4( )10(t)-4(h)-2(e )]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc 0.0518 Tw [(ex)-11.9(pense of som)-4.2(e)2( who are al)-3.9(ready)28.1( i)-3.9(n)-1.9( em)-4.2(pl)-3.9(oy)28.1(m)-4.2(e)2(nt)-3.9(, )10(or )10(as )10(a )10(com)-4.2(p)-1.9(l)-3.9(e)2(m)-4.2(e)2(nt)-3.9(ary)28.1( )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0105 Tw [(policy)29.4( )-10(to )-10(other policies desig)9.4(n)-0.6(ed to reduce unemploy)29.4(m)-2.9(ent \(Nevile, 2003\). )10.1( )]TJ T* 0.0004 Tw [(This review focuses mostly)29.4( on the second role. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0007 Tc 0.1109 Tw [(Even those authors who have made )10(ex)-11(tensive )10(survey)29(s )10(of )10(various )10(labour )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.2206 Tw [(market )-10(prog)9.4(rams )-10(desig)9.4(n)-0.6(ed )-10(to help the unemploy)29.4(e)3.3(d find jobs \(B)6.3(randt, )]TJ T* 0.1806 Tw [(B)6.3(u)-0.6(rniaux)-10.6( and Duval, 1995; Martin, )10.1(2000; )10.1(W)-7(e)3.3(bster, )10(1997; )10.1(Meag)9.4(er )10.1(and )]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.3102 Tw [(Evans, )-10(1997; F)5.9(a)3.7(y)29.8(,)0( 1996; Grubb, 1995 and Calmfors, 1994\), find it )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.0315 Tw [(di)-3.6(ffi)-3.6(cul)-3.6(t)-3.6( t)-3.6(o)-1.6( draw fi)-3.6(rm)-3.9( concl)-3.6(u)-1.6(si)-3.6(ons from)-3.9( t)-3.6(h)-1.6(ei)-3.6(r com)-3.9(p)-1.6(ari)-3.6(s)-2.4(ons, i)-3.6(n)-1.6( som)-3.9(e)2.3( )10(cases, )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.4405 Tw [(of hundreds of prog)9.6(rams. I)22.7(n)-0.4( addition, post-prog)9.6(ram employ)29.6(ment )]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc 0.0618 Tw [(prospect)-3.9(s di)-3.9(ffer across t)-3.9(i)-3.9(m)-4.2(e accordi)-3.9(n)-1.9(g)8.1( t)-3.9(o)-1.9( t)-3.9(h)-1.9(e st)-3.9(reng)8.1(t)-3.9(h)-1.9( or ot)-3.9(herwi)-3.9(s)-2.7(e )10(of )10(t)-3.9(h)-1.9(e )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0906 Tw [(labour )-10(market. )-10( )-10(Active )-10(labour )-10(market policies \(AL)20.1(M)-1.8(P\) tend to focus on )]TJ T* 0.1706 Tw [(the )-10.1(supply)29.3(-)2.4(side )-10.1(of )-10.1(the )-10.1(labour market assisting)9.3( with job search and the )]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.4794 Tw [(a)4.6(c)4.6(quisition of)3.8( skills inte)4.6(nde)4.6(d to )10(ma)4.6(ke)4.6( )10(une)4.6(mploy)30.7(e)4.6(d )10(pe)4.6(r)3.8(s)-0.1(ons )10(mor)3.8(e)4.6( )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.1108 Tw [(employ)29.1(a)3(ble. )-10( )-10(They)29.1( )-10(rarely)29.1( address the demand-side; often persons who )]TJ T* -0.0014 Tc 0.2517 Tw [(have becom)-4(e)2.2( l)-3.7(ong)8.3(-t)-3.7(erm)-4( unem)-4(p)-1.7(l)-3.7(o)-1.7(y)28.3(e)2.2(d becom)-4(e)2.2( so )10(because )10(of )10(st)-3.7(ruct)-3.7(ural)-3.7( )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.3608 Tw [(chang)9.3(e)3.2( )-10(which leads both to decline in reg)9.3(i)-2.7(ons and rising)9.3( reg)9.3(i)-2.7(onal )]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0194 Tw [(une)4.4(mploy)30.5(m)-1.8(e)4.4(n)0.5(t, a)4.4(nd pe)4.4(r)3.6(s)-0.3(ons with skills whic)4.4(h we)4.4(r)3.6(e)4.4( pr)3.6(e)4.4(v)0.5(iously)30.5( in )10(de)4.4(ma)4.4(nd )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.0508 Tw [(in industries which are in decline may)29.1( be unable to readily)29.1( transfer )10(those )]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(skills to ex)-10(panding)10( industries. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0005 Tc 0.1607 Tw [(W)-7.2(h)-0.8(at little evidence there is sug)9.2(g)9.2(e)3.1(sts the ty)29.2(pe of active labour market )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.1315 Tw [(prog)8.4(ram)-3.9(s)-2.4( )-10(t)-3.6(h)-1.6(at)-3.6( )-10(have )-10(enj)-3.6(o)-1.6(y)28.4(e)2.3(d t)-3.6(h)-1.6(e m)-3.9(o)-1.6(st)-3.6( success are j)-3.6(ob search assi)-3.6(st)-3.6(ance, )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0305 Tw [(wag)9.4(e)3.3( subsidies and combination-ty)29.4(pe prog)9.4(rams that incorporate elements )]TJ T* 0.2607 Tw [(of job search assistance, employ)29.3(ment and training)9.3(. )10( )10(I)22.4(n)-0.7( )10(particular, )10(an )]TJ T* -0.0018 Tc 0.2821 Tw [(em)-4.4(pl)-4.1(oy)27.9(m)-4.4(e)1.8(nt)-4.1( el)-4.1(em)-4.4(ent)-4.1( i)-4.1(n)-2.1( real)-4.1( ent)-4.1(e)1.8(rpri)-4.1(ses for )10(whi)-4.1(c)1.8(h )10(t)-4.1(h)-2.1(e )10(ent)-4.1(e)1.8(rpri)-4.1(se )10(i)-4.1(s)-2.9( )]TJ T* 0.0819 Tw [(prepared t)-4(o)-2( pay)28( a m)-4.3(a)1.9(rket)-4(-rel)-4(a)1.9(t)-4(e)1.9(d wag)8(e)1.9( appears )10(t)-4(o)-2( )10(be )10(i)-4(m)-4.3(port)-4(a)1.9(nt)-4(, )10(as )10(i)-4(s)-2.8( )10(t)-4(h)-2(e )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.0014 Tw [(eng)8.4(a)2.3(g)8.4(e)2.3(m)-3.9(e)2.3(nt)-3.6( of t)-3.6(h)-1.6(e l)-3.6(o)-1.6(cal)-3.6( com)-3.9(m)-3.9(uni)-3.6(t)-3.6(y)28.4(. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 154 0 R /Resources 20 0 R /Contents 21 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 20 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 139 0 R /TT2 167 0 R /TT4 136 0 R /TT6 137 0 R /TT12 141 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 170 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 168 0 R >> >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Length 8380 >> stream BT /TT4 1 Tf 8.9948 0 0 9 56.76 805.1603 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc /GS1 gs -0.002 Tc 0.0055 Tw [(Eco)-9(n)-6.2(o)-9(m)-24.6(ic Issu)-6.2(es )]TJ /TT6 1 Tf 0 -1.1467 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 1 i 55.32 791.72 484.68 -0.96 re f BT 8.9948 0 0 9 56.76 782.3603 Tm ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 -81 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.3867 TD ( )Tj ET 55.32 51.44 484.68 -0.96 re f BT 8.9948 0 0 9 56.76 30.3203 Tm 0.0053 Tc -0.0018 Tw [(Pa)11.7(ge)8.9( 4 )]TJ 37.9284 0 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.0069 Tw [(Th)5.8(e S)-7.6(A)-1.6( Cen)5.8(t)-3.9(re for Econ)5.8(om)29.2(i)-5.7(c)0.2( S)-7.6(t)-3.9(u)5.8(d)5.8(i)-5.7(es )]TJ /TT6 1 Tf 11.9929 0 0 12 56.76 758.7203 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 0 -1.18 TD ( )Tj 10.6363 1.18 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.1206 Tw [(This review proceeds as follows. F)5.4(i)-2.7(rst, we briefly)29.3( outline )10(the )10(potential )]TJ 0 -1.18 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.1008 Tw [(effects of AL)19.9(MP based on the work of )10(Calmfors )10(and )10(Skeding)9.1(e)3(r )10(\(1995\). )100.1( )]TJ T* -0.0012 Tc 0.0114 Tw [(Nex)-11.5(t)-3.5( )-10(we )-10(di)-3.5(scuss )-10(how )-10(i)-3.5(n)-1.5( )-10(recent)-3.5( )-10(y)28.5(ears t)-3.5(h)-1.5(e focus of AL)19.3(MP)-5.4( has m)-3.8(oved away)28.5( )]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0307 Tw [(from the effects of prog)9.2(rams on employ)29.2(ment and earning)9.2(s as )10(to )10(how )10(they)29.2( )]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1287 Tw [(c)5.1(a)5.1(n)1.2( be)5.1( use)5.1(d)1.2( to inc)5.1(r)4.3(e)5.1(a)5.1(s)0.4(e)5.1( )4.3(e)5.1(mploy)31.2(a)5.1(bility)31.2()4.3(.)1.4( We)5.1(lf)4.3(a)5.1(r)4.3(e)5.1(-)4.3(to-)4.3(w)3.2(or)4.3(k or)4.3( )10(wor)4.3(k)1.2(-)4.3(f)4.3(i)-0.8(r)4.3(s)0.4(t )]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.039 Tw [(polic)4.8(ie)4.8(s )-10(de)4.8(sig)10.9(n)0.9(e)4.8(d)0.9( to impr)4(ove)4.8( e)4.8(m)-1.4(ploy)30.9(a)4.8(b)0.9(ility)30.9( a)4.8(r)4(e)4.8( ba)4.8(se)4.8(d on the)4.8( pr)4(e)4.8(m)-1.4(ise)4.8( tha)4.8(t)-1.1( )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.1108 Tw [(any)29.1( job is a g)9.1(ood job. A number of welfare-to-work )10(policies )10(that )10(have )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.4717 Tw [(been i)-3.6(m)-3.9(pl)-3.6(em)-3.9(ent)-3.6(e)2.3(d across di)-3.6(fferent)-3.6( cont)-3.6(i)-3.6(n)-1.6(ent)-3.6(s)-2.4( )10(are )10(di)-3.6(scussed. )10( )10(W)-8(e)2.3( )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0805 Tw [(conclude that work-first policies probably)29.4( do achieve )10(to )10(a )10(limited )10(ex)-10.6(tent )]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.1791 Tw [(the)4.8(i)-1.1(r)4( )-10(pr)4(inc)4.8(i)-1.1(pa)4.8(l )-10(obje)4.8(c)4.8(tive)4.8( )-10( )-10(to inc)4.8(r)4(e)4.8(a)4.8(s)0.1(e)4.8( the)4.8( e)4.8(m)-1.4(ploy)30.9(a)4.8(b)0.9(ility)30.9( of)4( those)4.8( most )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0205 Tw [(disadvantag)9.4(ed )-10(in )-10(the )-10(labour )-10(market at least in the short-term. Section 5 )]TJ T* 0.1005 Tw [(of this review focuses on what works in )10(terms )10(of )10(AL)20.2(MP )10(and )10(concludes )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.0708 Tw [(that )-10(job )-10(search )-10(assistance appears to be effective in helping)9.1( most g)9.1(r)2.2(oups )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1604 Tw [(of unemploy)29.5(e)3.4(d persons, wag)9.5(e)3.4( subsidies often )10(lead )10(to )10(the )10(post-prog)9.5(ram )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1503 Tw [(retention )-10(of )-10(employ)29.6(ees, training)9.6( appears to help women but not y)29.6(outh, )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0604 Tw [(combination prog)9.5(rams involving)9.5( elements of job )10(search )10(assistance, )10(work )]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc 0.0217 Tw [(ex)-11.8(peri)-3.8(ence and t)-3.8(r)1.3(ai)-3.8(ni)-3.8(ng)8.2( seem)-4.1( t)-3.8(o)-1.8( be t)-3.8(h)-1.8(e m)-4.1(o)-1.8(st)-3.8( )10(successful)-3.8( )10(t)-3.8(y)28.2(pe )10(of )10(AL)19(MP)-5.7( )10(for )]TJ 0 -1.24 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.2401 Tw [(most g)9.9(r)3(oups of )10(unemploy)29.9(e)3.8(d )10(persons )]TJ /F2 1 Tf 15.8794 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.5503 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.2288 Tw [( e)5.1(s)0.4(pe)5.1(c)5.1(i)-0.8(a)5.1(lly)31.2( those)5.1( with multiple)5.1( )]TJ -16.4297 -1.18 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0605 Tw [(barriers to employ)29.4(ment and y)29.4(outh, targ)9.4(eting)9.4( persons who are most )10(likely)29.4( )]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0.0109 Tw [(to )-10(be )-10(disadvantag)9(ed )-10(in the labour market and intervening)9( at an early)29( stag)9(e )]TJ T* 0.0011 Tc 0.1491 Tw [(is like)4.7(l)-1.2(y)30.8( to be)4.7( use)4.7(f)3.9(ul a)4.7(s)0( is e)4.7(n)0.8(g)10.8(a)4.7(g)10.8(i)-1.2(ng)10.8( the)4.7( loc)4.7(a)4.7(l)-1.2( c)4.7(o)0.8(mmunity)30.8(. )10( )10(F)6.9(i)-1.2(na)4.7(lly)30.8(, )10(we)4.7( )]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0289 Tw [(br)4.1(ie)4.9(f)4.1(l)-1(y)31( summa)4.9(r)4.1(i)-1(se)4.9( the)4.9(m)-1.3(e)4.9(s)0.2( in the)4.9( lite)4.9(r)4.1(a)4.9(tur)4.1(e)4.9( with r)4.1(e)4.9(spe)4.9(c)4.9(t)-1( to pr)4.1(og)11(r)4.1(a)4.9(m )10(de)4.9(sig)11(n)1( )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(and prog)9.3(ram evaluation. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 -1.2 TD 0.0021 Tc -0.002 Tw [(P)12.6(o)1.8(t)4.9(e)5.7(nt)4.9(ial e)5.7(ffe)5.7(c)5.7(t)4.9(s of ac)5.7(t)4.9(i)-0.2(ve)5.7( labour)5.7( m)14.6(a)1.8(r)5.7(k)-2.1(e)5.7(t)4.9( polic)5.7(ie)5.7(s )]TJ /TT6 1 Tf 0 -1.66 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.031 Tw [(L)19.7(a)2.8(bour market prog)8.9(rams have the potential to raise the )10(ag)8.9(g)8.9(r)2(eg)8.9(ate )10(level )10(of )]TJ 0 -1.18 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.5894 Tw [(e)4.7(m)-1.5(ploy)30.8(me)4.7(nt a)4.7(nd r)3.9(e)4.7(duc)4.7(e)4.7( une)4.7(mploy)30.8(m)-1.5(e)4.7(n)0.8(t, inc)4.7(r)3.9(e)4.7(a)4.7(s)0(e)4.7( the)4.7( skills ba)4.7(se)4.7( )]TJ T* 0.0891 Tw [(e)4.7(s)0(pe)4.7(c)4.7(i)-1.2(a)4.7(lly)30.8( )-10(in )-10(a)4.7(r)3.9(e)4.7(a)4.7(s)0( )-10(of)3.9( shor)3.9(ta)4.7(g)10.8(e)4.7(, r)3.9(e)4.7(duc)4.7(e)4.7( inc)4.7(o)0.8(me)4.7( ine)4.7(qua)4.7(lity)30.8( a)4.7(nd r)3.9(e)4.7(duc)4.7(e)4.7( the)4.7( )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.3003 Tw [(disparity)29.7( of employ)29.7(ment opportunities between individuals \(W)-6.7(ebster, )]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.1911 Tw [(1997\). However, ex)-11.1(perience with labour market )10(prog)8.9(rams )10(has )10.1(shown )]TJ T* -0.0022 Tc 0.1124 Tw [(t)-4.5(h)-2.5(ey)27.5( usual)-4.5(l)-4.5(y)27.5( fai)-4.5(l)-4.5( t)-4.5(o)-2.5( achi)-4.5(e)1.4(ve t)-4.5(h)-2.5(ese g)7.5(o)-2.5(al)-4.5(s. )10(I)20.6(f)0.6( )10(t)-4.5(h)-2.5(e )10(prog)7.5(ram)-4.8(s)-3.3( )10(l)-4.5(ead )10(t)-4.5(o)-2.5( )10(g)7.5(r)0.6(eat)-4.5(er )]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.2093 Tw [(job se)4.6(a)4.6(r)3.8(c)4.6(h)0.7( a)4.6(nd skill e)4.6(nha)4.6(nc)4.6(e)4.6(m)-1.6(e)4.6(n)0.7(t, those)4.6( who be)4.6(ne)4.6(f)3.8(it most te)4.6(nd )10(to )10(be)4.6( )]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0801 Tw [(those g)9.8(r)2.9(oups with the least stable )10(employ)29.8(ment )10(histories )10( )10(y)29.8(outh, )10(women )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(and low-skilled workers \(B)6.2(randt, B)6.2(u)-0.7(rnieux)-10.7( and Duval, 2005\). )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0307 Tw [(There tends to be a presumption among)9.2(st policy)29.2(m)-3.1(akers that )10(active )10(labour )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.0608 Tw [(market )-10(prog)9.1(rams )-10(will )-10(necessarily)29.1( lead to a rise in ag)9.1(g)9.1(r)2.2(eg)9.1(ate employ)29.1(ment )]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.1092 Tw [(a)4.6(nd/or)3.8( )-10(to )-10(inc)4.6(r)3.8(e)4.6(a)4.6(s)-0.1(e)4.6(s)-0.1( )-10(in )-10(e)4.6(a)4.6(r)3.8(ning)10.7(s. 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They)27.8( )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2804 Tw [(also found positive post-prog)9.6(ram outcomes decline with duration )10(on )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1805 Tw [(benefits, that the long)9.5(-term unemploy)29.5(e)3.4(d, y)29.5(outh and those from a non-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1 Tw [(Eng)9.9(lish )-10(speaking)9.9( )-10(backg)9.9(r)3(ound )-10(did particularly)29.9( well in equity)29.9( g)9.9(r)3(oups, but )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.0007 Tw [(that outcomes were lower for people in reg)9.1(i)-2.9(ons of hig)9.1(h)-0.9(er unemploy)29.1(m)-3.2(ent. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0705 Tw [(The OECD \(2001\), Dockery)29.4( and Strombeck \(2002\) cited in Productivity)29.4( )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2004 Tw [(Commission \(2002\), Nevile \(2003\) and B)6.5(o)-0.4(rland and Tseng)9.6( \(2004\) all )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0104 Tw [(criticise the methodolog)9.5(y)29.5( used in L)20.3(i)-2.5(pp and Cameron \(2000\) )10.1(DEW)-6.9(R)-3.6( )10.1(study)29.5( )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.1106 Tw [(for )-10(several )-10(reasons. )-10( F)5.4(i)-2.7(rst, some individuals from the g)9.3(r)2.4(oup of prog)9.3(ram )]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.1007 Tw [(participants )-10(who )-10(had )-10(already)29.2( )-10(left unemploy)29.2(m)-3.1(ent at the beg)9.2(i)-2.8(nning)9.2( of the )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0805 Tw [(study)29.4( were matched with a control g)9.4(r)2.5(oup of )10(non-participants, )10(all )10(of )10(who )]TJ T* 0.2307 Tw [(were )-10(on unemploy)29.3(m)-3(ent benefits at the beg)9.3(i)-2.7(nning)9.3( of the study)29.3( period )]TJ T* 0.1506 Tw [(\(Aug)9.3(ust 1999\). This led to a bias towards finding)9.3( a )10(positive )10(effect )10(of )]TJ T* 0.1906 Tw [(W)-7(f)2.5(D participation. Dockery)29.4( and Strombeck indicate that it would be )]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(preferabl)-4(e)1.9( )-10.1(t)-4(o)-2( est)-4(i)-4(m)-4.3(at)-4(e t)-4(h)-2(e effect)-4(s of prog)8(ram)-4.3( part)-4(i)-4(c)1.9(i)-4(p)-2(at)-4(i)-4(on by)28( i)-4(d)-2(ent)-4(i)-4(f)1.1(y)28(i)-4(ng)8( a )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0405 Tw [(control )-10(g)9.4(r)2.5(oup )-10(that )-10(is comparable to prog)9.4(ram participants just before their )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0603 Tw [(entry)29.6( )-10(to a prog)9.6(ram and subsequently)29.6( following)9.6( the employ)29.6(ment status of )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0706 Tw [(both g)9.3(r)2.4(oups. This has the added bonus of taking)9.3( )10(account )10(of )10(lock-in )10(or )]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc 0.2018 Tw [(at)-3.8(t)-3.8(achm)-4.1(e)2.1(nt)-3.8( effect)-3.8(s and i)-3.8(s)-2.6( an approach t)-3.8(h)-1.8(at)-3.8( )10(DEW)-8.2(R)-4.9( )10(now )10(fol)-3.8(l)-3.8(o)-1.8(ws )10(i)-3.8(n)-1.8( )10(i)-3.8(t)-3.8(s)-2.6( )]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(post-prog)10(ram monitoring)10(. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0004 Tc 0.1106 Tw [(Another concern with Cameron and L)20.1(i)-2.7(pps study)29.3( is so-called )]TJ /TT8 1 Tf 25.5551 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1003 Tw (time bias)Tj /TT6 1 Tf 3.7422 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj -29.2973 -1.18 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.1706 Tw [(where the authors did not count the time on the prog)9.3(ram as time that )]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.1494 Tw [(pa)4.4(r)3.6(tic)4.4(ipa)4.4(n)0.5(ts )-10(we)4.4(r)3.6(e)4.4( )-10(e)4.4(n)0.5(g)10.5(a)4.4(g)10.5(e)4.4(d in job se)4.4(a)4.4(r)3.6(c)4.4(h)0.5( whe)4.4(n)0.5( in f)3.6(a)4.4(c)4.4(t)-1.5( pa)4.4(r)3.6(tic)4.4(ipa)4.4(n)0.5(ts we)4.4(r)3.6(e)4.4( )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0703 Tw [(required to look for work. I)22.7(n)-0.4( addition, the probability)29.6( of persons )10(within )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0306 Tw [(any)29.3( g)9.3(r)2.4(oup finding)9.3( employ)29.3(ment is a decreasing)9.3( function of )10(the )10(duration )10(of )]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0688 Tw [(une)5(mploy)31.1(m)-1.2(e)5(n)1.1(t so tha)5(t)-0.9( if)4.2( the)5( time)5( spe)5(n)1.1(t in the)5( pr)4.2(og)11.1(r)4.2(a)5(m is )10(not )10(r)4.2(e)5(c)5(o)1.1(g)11.1(n)1.1(ise)5(d)1.1( )]TJ T* 0.0011 Tc 0.0491 Tw [(a)4.7(s)0( time)4.7( spe)4.7(n)0.8(t une)4.7(mploy)30.8(e)4.7(d, pr)3.9(og)10.8(r)3.9(a)4.7(m pa)4.7(r)3.9(tic)4.7(ipa)4.7(n)0.8(ts ha)4.7(ve)4.7( )10(a)4.7( )10(lowe)4.7(r)3.9( )10(pr)3.9(oba)4.7(bility)30.8( )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1103 Tw [(of finding)9.6( a job than participants in the )10(control )10(g)9.6(r)2.7(oup )10(\(OECD, )10(2001, )10(p. )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.7512 Tw [(5.20\). 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increase in the amount of work as well as an increase in )]TJ T* -0.001 Tc 0.0011 Tw [(rates of pay)28.7(.)-1.1( )]TJ -2.3614 -1.18 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0013 Tc 0.1315 Tw [(The si)-3.6(g)8.4(n)-1.6(i)-3.6(f)1.5(i)-3.6(cant)-3.6( fact)-3.6(ors t)-3.6(h)-1.6(at)-3.6( affect)-3.6(ed em)-3.9(pl)-3.6(oy)28.4(m)-3.9(e)2.3(nt)-3.6( out)-3.6(com)-3.9(e)2.3(s )10(at)-3.6( )10(3 )10(m)-3.9(ont)-3.6(hs )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.2606 Tw [(were duration on unemploy)29.4(m)-2.9(ent benefits )10(and )10(g)9.4(e)3.3(nder, )10(with )10(long)9.4(-term )]TJ T* 0.1606 Tw [(beneficiaries )-10(and )-10(males )-10(less )-10(likely)29.3( to be employ)29.3(ed. Those with lower )]TJ T* 0.1205 Tw [(education )-10(qualifications, and those from a NESB)6.3( were less likely)29.4( to be )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(employ)29.6(ed at 3 months. 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However, some )10.1(prog)9.2(rams )10.1(have )10.1(had )10.1(some )10.1(limited )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0404 Tw [(success in improving)9.5( the employ)29.5(ment prospects )10(of )10(their )10(participants. )10( )10(An )]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0.181 Tw [(unfortunate aspect of the literature on the )10.1(evaluation )10.1(of )10.1(labour )10.1(market )]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0393 Tw [(pr)3.7(og)10.6(r)3.7(a)4.5(ms is whe)4.5(r)3.7(e)4.5( pr)3.7(og)10.6(r)3.7(a)4.5(ms do se)4.5(e)4.5(m)-1.7( to wor)3.7(k)0.6(, the)4.5( lite)4.5(r)3.7(a)4.5(tur)3.7(e)4.5( te)4.5(lls )10(us )10(wha)4.5(t)-1.4( )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.0415 Tw [(works, )-10(but)-3.6( )-10(not)-3.6( )-10(why)28.4( )-10(i)-3.6(t)-3.6( works. Thi)-3.6(s)-2.4( m)-3.9(eans, t)-3.6(h)-1.6(erefore, where prog)8.4(ram)-3.9(s)-2.4( are )]TJ T* 0.0013 Tw [(successful)-3.5(, t)-3.5(h)-1.5(e reasons for success t)-3.5(e)2.4(nd t)-3.5(o)-1.5( be specul)-3.5(a)2.4(t)-3.5(i)-3.5(v)-1.5(e. However, t)-3.5(h)-1.5(ere )]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.069 Tw [(a)4.8(r)4(e)4.8( some)4.8( g)10.9(e)4.8(ne)4.8(r)4(a)4.8(l the)4.8(m)-1.4(e)4.8(s)0.1( to be)4.8( dr)4(a)4.8(w)2.9(n f)4(r)4(o)0.9(m the)4.8( )10(lite)4.8(r)4(a)4.8(tur)4(e)4.8( )10(a)4.8(s)0.1( )10(to )10(wha)4.8(t)-1.1( )10(doe)4.8(s )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (work. )Tj T* 0 Tc ( )Tj T* -0.0005 Tc 0.5009 Tw [(Most )-10(evaluations )-10(of )-10(labour market prog)9.2(rams indicate job search )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0606 Tw [(assistance )-10(appears )-10(to )-10(be effective in helping)9.3( most g)9.3(r)2.4(oups of unemploy)29.3(e)3.2(d )]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0007 Tw [(persons. )-10.1( )-10.1(\(See, for ex)-10.9(ample, Martin, 2000)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 16.6198 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (;)Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.3302 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0003 Tw [( W)-6.9(e)3.4(bster, 1997; F)5.6(a)3.4(y)29.5(,)-0.3( 1996; Dar )]TJ -16.95 -1.18 TD 0.1304 Tw [(and )-10(Tz)-6.6(annatos, 1999; F)5.6(r)2.6(aser, 1999; Meijers and Te Riele, 2004; W)-6.9(h)-0.5(ite )]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0801 Tw [(and )-10(Knig)9.8(ht, 2002; and OConnell, 2002\). Calmfors \(1994\) found in his )]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.3208 Tw [(review a broad consensus that intensive )10(counselling)9.2( )10(and )10(job )10(search )]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1187 Tw [(a)5.1(ssista)5.1(n)1.2(c)5.1(e)5.1( r)4.3(a)5.1(ise)5.1( r)4.3(e)5.1(-)4.3(e)5.1(mploy)31.2(m)-1.1(e)5.1(n)1.2(t pr)4.3(oba)5.1(bilitie)5.1(s )10(substa)5.1(ntia)5.1(lly)31.2(, )10(e)5.1(s)0.4(pe)5.1(c)5.1(i)-0.8(a)5.1(lly)31.2( )10(f)4.3(o)1.2(r)4.3( )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1904 Tw [(the long)9.6(-term unemploy)29.6(e)3.5(d. However, studies )10(also )10(indicate )10(substantial )]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0393 Tw [(substitution e)4.5(f)3.7(f)3.7(e)4.5(c)4.5(t)-1.4(s f)3.7(o)0.6(r)3.7( the)4.5(s)-0.2(e)4.5( me)4.5(a)4.5(s)-0.2(ur)3.7(e)4.5(s)-0.2(. The)4.5( )10(a)4.5(dva)4.5(nta)4.5(g)10.6(e)4.5( )10(of)3.7( )10(the)4.5(s)-0.2(e)4.5( )10(me)4.5(a)4.5(s)-0.2(ur)3.7(e)4.5(s)-0.2( )]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.1207 Tw [(is )-10(that they)29.2( do not reduce the intensity)29.2( of job search efforts as in other )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(prog)9.3(rams. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0305 Tw [(F)5.5(a)3.3(y)29.4( )-10(\(1996, )-10(p. )-10(30\) )-10(and Martin \(2000\) note profiling)9.4( new benefit claimants )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc [(to )-10(identify)29.5( )-10(those )-10(who )-10(are at risk of becoming)9.5( long)9.5(-term unemploy)29.5(e)3.4(d may)29.5( )]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc 0.0311 Tw [(help increase the number of at-risk unemploy)28.8(e)2.7(d )10(who )10(are )10(g)8.8(i)-3.2(ven )10(job )10(search )]TJ T* -0.0012 Tc 0.0013 Tw [(assi)-3.5(st)-3.5(ance )-10.1(at)-3.5( )-10.1(rel)-3.5(a)2.4(t)-3.5(i)-3.5(v)-1.5(el)-3.5(y)28.5( l)-3.5(o)-1.5(w cost)-3.5(. Those who are at)-3.5( ri)-3.5(sk of becom)-3.8(i)-3.5(ng)8.5( l)-3.5(ong)8.5(-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.5003 Tw [(term )-10(unemploy)29.8(e)3.7(d )-10(should immediately)29.8( be provided with intensive )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.3105 Tw [(counselling)9.5( )-10(and )-10(job search assistance. Deadweig)9.5(ht and substitution )]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.361 Tw [(effects may)29.1( be hig)9.1(h)-0.9(er from provision of job-search assistance, but )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1003 Tw [(individuals may)29.6( be helped into employ)29.6(ment who would otherwise be at )]TJ T* 0.001 Tc -0.0009 Tw [(hig)10.7(h)0.7(-)3.8(r)3.8(i)-1.3(sk of)3.8( dr)3.8(if)3.8(ting)10.7( into long)10.7(-)3.8(t)-1.3(e)4.6(r)3.8(m une)4.6(mploy)30.7(m)-1.6(e)4.6(n)0.7(t. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0905 Tw [(Effective counselling)9.4( tailored to the needs of )10(the )10(individual )10(seems )10(to )10(be )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1004 Tw [(especially)29.5( )-10(important. Assig)9.5(n)-0.5(ment of a personal adviser, information on )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.2603 Tw [(labour market opportunities, assistance with making)9.7( job )10(applications, )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0505 Tw [(information on training)9.4( opportunities and )10(follow-up )10(assistance )10(even )10(after )]TJ T* 0.3307 Tw [(prog)9.3(ram )-10(participants have found employ)29.3(ment all seem necessary)29.3( to )]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.6604 Tw [(promoting)9.8( )-10(post-prog)9.8(ram )-10(employ)29.8(ment )-10(outcomes. 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Sianesi \(2001\) finds for Sweden that the )10(prog)9.4(rams )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0503 Tw [(most )-10(similar )-10(to )-10(reg)9.6(u)-0.4(lar )-10(employ)29.6(ment work best as does OConnell \(2002\) )]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1104 Tw [(for )-10(I)22.6(r)2.6(eland )-10(who demonstrated that prog)9.5(rams with strong)9.5( linkag)9.5(e)3.4(s to the )]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0506 Tw [(labour market were more likely)29.3( to improve job prospects for participants )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.1015 Tw [(t)-3.6(h)-1.6(an )-10(t)-3.6(hose )-10(wi)-3.6(t)-3.6(h)-1.6( )-10(weak )-10(l)-3.6(i)-3.6(nkag)8.4(e)2.3(s. For Aust)-3.6(ral)-3.6(i)-3.6(a)2.3(, S)-5.5(t)-3.6(rom)-3.9(b)-1.6(eck, Dockery)28.4( and )]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0503 Tw [(Ying)9.6( \(1999\) found that employ)29.6(ment training)9.6( )10(and )10(wag)9.6(e)3.5( )10(subsidy)29.6( )10(prog)9.6(rams )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0105 Tw [(had the larg)9.4(est effects on post-prog)9.4(ram employ)29.4(ment. 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The amount paid to prog)9.6(ram participants )10(for )10(working)9.6( )]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.1605 Tw [(should )-10(not be so low as to eng)9.4(e)3.3(nder a feeling)9.4( among)9.4( participants that )]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.019 Tw [(the)4.8(y)30.9( )-10(a)4.8(r)4(e)4.8( )-10(e)4.8(n)0.9(g)10.9(a)4.8(g)10.9(e)4.8(d )-10(in )-10()4(s)0.1(la)4.8(ve)4.8( la)4.8(bour)4()4( whic)4.8(h ma)4.8(y)30.9( le)4.8(a)4.8(d)0.9( to a)4.8( loss of)4( motiva)4.8(tion )]TJ T* 0.0011 Tc -0.001 Tw [(a)4.7(nd a)4.7( r)3.9(e)4.7(duc)4.7(tion in the)4.7( inte)4.7(nsity)30.8( of)3.9( job se)4.7(a)4.7(r)3.9(c)4.7(h)0.8( a)4.7(c)4.7(tivity)30.8(. )]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj T* -0.0007 Tc 0.0409 Tw [(The )-10(appropriate )-10(level )-10(of compensation probably)29( lies somewhere between )]TJ T* 0.1108 Tw [(the )-10(amount paid as unemploy)29.1(m)-3.2(ent benefits and the g)9.1(o)-0.9(ing)9.1( wag)9.1(e)3( rate for )]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.1916 Tw [(si)-3.6(m)-3.9(i)-3.6(l)-3.6(a)2.3(r work. The evi)-3.6(d)-1.6(ence sug)8.4(g)8.4(e)2.3(st)-3.6(s )10(wag)8.4(e)2.3( )10(subsi)-3.6(d)-1.6(i)-3.6(e)2.3(s )10(are )10(arg)8.4(u)-1.6(abl)-3.6(y)28.4( )10(t)-3.6(h)-1.6(e )]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.1189 Tw [(most suc)4.9(c)4.9(e)4.9(ssf)4.1(ul polic)4.9(y)31( a)4.9(t)-1( g)11(e)4.9(ne)4.9(r)4.1(a)4.9(ting)11( positive)4.9( post-)4.1(pr)4.1(og)11(r)4.1(a)4.9(m e)4.9(m)-1.3(ploy)31(me)4.9(nt )]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.151 Tw [(out)-3.1(com)-3.4(e)2.8(s )-10(for )-10(m)-3.4(o)-1.1(st)-3.1( )-10(unem)-3.4(p)-1.1(l)-3.1(o)-1.1(y)28.9(e)2.8(d )-10(persons. 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